Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus

Reading notes

• On the Ends of Good and Evil §2.56 what Scipio did when the glory of drawing Hannibal back to Africa was set before him

  Scipio Africanus the Elder forced Hannibal's recall from Italy by carrying the Second Punic War into Africa, culminating in victory at Zama (202 BC). Cicero notes he braved this danger for honor's sake, not for pleasure.

• On the Ends of Good and Evil §2.106 Africanus is far happier

  Scipio Africanus the Elder, conqueror of Hannibal, is quoted (in verses by Ennius) addressing Rome and rejoicing in the lasting monuments his labors won. Cicero contrasts his pride in deeds with the Epicurean's clinging to bodily pleasure.

• On the Ends of Good and Evil §4.22 when it decreed a triumph to Africanus

  The triumph was the highest military honour at Rome, voted by the Senate to a victorious general; Africanus is Scipio Africanus the Elder, conqueror of Hannibal. Cicero notes the Senate spoke of his 'virtue' and 'good fortune,' terms the Stoics restrict to the wise man alone.

• On the Ends of Good and Evil §5.70 the elder Africanus, when Hannibal was beaten

  Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus defeated Hannibal at Zama in 202 BC to end the Second Punic War. His joy is contrasted with the empty gladness of the pleasure-seeker.

• On Duties §3.1 the man who was first called Africanus

  Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus the Elder, victor over Hannibal at Zama in 202 BC, who won the surname Africanus. The saying about leisure and solitude is attributed to him by Cato the Elder.

• Sixth Philippic §10 an Africanus

  Sarcastic: among Antony's worthless circle, Lucius is rated a Scipio Africanus, i.e. the greatest of them. Africanus was the conqueror of Hannibal, the type of Roman military glory.

• Tusculan Disputations §2.62 Africanus always had Xenophon, the disciple of Socrates, in his hands

  Scipio Africanus (here the elder, conqueror of Hannibal) is said to have constantly read Xenophon; the saying praised is from Xenophon's Cyropaedia or Memorabilia, that honor makes the commander's toil lighter than the soldier's. The attribution is sometimes given to Scipio Aemilianus.

• Tusculan Disputations §5.49 or in Africanus: \textit{from the rising of the sun above the marshes of Maeotis, there is no man who can match my deeds.}

  Scipio Africanus the Elder, conqueror of Hannibal at Zama (202 BC); the boastful epitaph (from Ennius) claims that no man from East to West can equal his deeds. The Maeotis is the Sea of Azov, marking the far northeast of the known world.