institution
Populus Romanus
the Roman People
also: Roman People, populus, Quirites
The sovereign assembled body of citizens; legislator and elector, addressed by Cicero from the Rostra as Quirites.
Reading notes
- Ad Familiares 13.10 §2 he early threw himself into the partnerships of the public revenues. That last I could have wished he had not done; for he sustained very heavy losses
The societates publicanorum were joint-stock companies of Roman equestrians that bid for state tax-farming contracts across the empire. Membership was prestigious but financially risky; Terentius lost money badly, which Cicero notes with sympathy while still counting the shared class-interest (ordinis communis) as cementing their friendship.
- Ad Familiares 15.12 §1 the Roman people would make you consul with the highest enthusiasm and by every vote
The two consuls were elected each year by the comitia centuriata, the citizen assembly voting in property-graded units. Paullus has just been returned as one of the consuls-designate for 50 BC, the news of which Cicero is celebrating from Cilicia.
- On the Nature of the Gods §3.5 rites and auspices
Cotta divides the whole religion of the Roman people into rites (sacra), auspices (the reading of birds and signs), and the third branch of prophetic warnings from the Sibylline books and the haruspices. The scheme frames his defence of ancestral religion.
- Against Verres, Second Hearing, Book V §162 civis Romanus sum
"I am a Roman citizen": the most famous phrase of the Verrines, by which Gavius implored protection from the cross. Cicero cites it as a citizen's standing protection across all the lands the toga reached --- a protection Verres alone in living memory ignored.
- Fourth Philippic §1 citizens
Quirites, the citizens of Rome addressed in their civic capacity. Unlike the Senate-house speeches, Philippic 4 was delivered before a public meeting (contio) of the people on 20 December 44 BC, reporting the day's senatorial decrees.
- Sixth Philippic §1 citizens
Quirites, the formal address to the Roman people in assembly; the Sixth Philippic is a contio (public meeting) delivered to the people on 4 January 43 BC, reporting the Senate's decision to send an embassy to Antony.
- Sixth Philippic §19 liberty belongs to the Roman people by right
Cicero's closing claim that, while other nations may endure slavery, freedom is the Roman people's birthright by the will of the gods; a rallying climax to rouse the people for the war.
- On His Return: To the Citizens §1 citizens
Quirites, the formal address to the Roman people in their civic (as opposed to military) capacity. This is the companion thanksgiving to Post Reditum in Senatu, delivered before the people on Cicero's return from exile in September 57 BC.
Mentioned in 113 works (905 mentions)
On Invention
For Sextus Roscius of Ameria
For Quintus Roscius the Comic Actor
Against Caecilius (Divinatio)
- §7 the Roman People
- §8 the Roman People
- §9 the Roman People
- §11 the Roman People
- §17 the Roman People
- §18 the Roman People
- §19 the Roman People
- §26 the Roman People
- §37 the Roman People
- §64 the Roman People
- §65 the Roman People
- §66 the Roman People
- §69 the Roman People
- §72 the Roman People
- §73 the Roman People
Against Verres, Second Hearing, Book I
- §1 the Roman People
- §3 the Roman People
- §4 the Roman People
- §5 the Roman People
- §6 the Roman People
- §9 the Roman People
- §10 the Roman People
- §11 the Roman People
- §12 the Roman People
- §13 the Roman People
- §14 the Roman People
- §15 the Roman People
- §16 the Roman People
- §19 the Roman People
- §20 the Roman People
- §21 the Roman People
- §22 the Roman People
- §29 the Roman People
- §31 the Roman People
- §44 the Roman People
- §45 the Roman People
- §50 the Roman People
- §55 the Roman People
- §56 the Roman People
- §57 the Roman People
- §58 the Roman People
- §59 the Roman People
- §68 the Roman People
- §76 the Roman People
- §78 the Roman People
- §79 the Roman People
- §81 the Roman People
- §82 the Roman People
- §84 the Roman People
- §87 the Roman People
- §89 the Roman People
- §103 Roman People
- §104 the Roman People
- §114 the Roman People
- §122 the Roman People
- §129 the Roman People
- §136 the Roman People
- §154 the Roman People
- §156 the Roman People
- §157 the Roman People
Against Verres, Second Hearing, Book II
- §2 the Roman People
- §3 the Roman People
- §7 the Roman People
- §8 the Roman People
- §9 Roman People
- §31 Quirites
- §40 the Roman People
- §76 the Roman People
- §77 the Roman People
- §85 the Roman People
- §86 the Roman People
- §88 the Roman People
- §90 Roman People
- §121 the Roman People
- §136 the Roman People
- §150 the Roman People
- §159 the Roman People
- §163 the Roman People
- §179 the Roman People
Against Verres, Second Hearing, Book III
- §7 the Roman People
- §9 the Roman People
- §11 the Roman People
- §12 the Roman People
- §13 the Roman People
- §19 the Roman People
- §38 Roman People
- §40 Roman People
- §43 the Roman People
- §48 the Roman People
- §49 the Roman People
- §57 the Roman People
- §66 the Roman People
- §74 the Roman People
- §80 the Roman People
- §82 the Roman People
- §83 the Roman People
- §87 the Roman People
- §89 the Roman People
- §93 the Roman People
- §102 the Roman People
- §103 the Roman People
- §106 the Roman People
- §117 the Roman People
- §119 the Roman People
- §120 the Roman People
- §121 the Roman People
- §122 the Roman People
- §127 the Roman People
- §128 the Roman People
- §137 the Roman People
- §165 the Roman People
- §171 the Roman People
- §172 the Roman People
- §173 the Roman People
- §174 the Roman People
- §178 the Roman People
- §179 the Roman People
- §181 the Roman People
- §182 the Roman People
- §201 the Roman People
- §202 the Roman People
- §203 the Roman People
- §207 the Roman People
- §210 the Roman People
- §213 the Roman People
- §215 the Roman People
- §223 the Roman People
- §225 the Roman People
- §226 the Roman People
- §228 the Roman People
Against Verres, Second Hearing, Book IV
- §6 the Roman People
- §14 the Roman People
- §18 the Roman People
- §20 the Roman People
- §24 the Roman People
- §25 the Roman People
- §26 the Roman People
- §42 the Roman People
- §54 the Roman People
- §60 the Roman People
- §63 the Roman People
- §64 the Roman People
- §65 the Roman People
- §66 the Roman People
- §67 the Roman People
- §68 the Roman People
- §69 Roman People
- §72 the Roman People
- §73 the Roman People
- §75 the Roman People
- §77 the Roman People
- §80 the Roman People
- §81 the Roman People
- §84 the Roman People
- §86 the Roman People
- §88 the Roman People
- §108 the Roman People
- §120 the Roman People
- §121 the Roman People
- §146 the Roman People
- §150 the Roman People
Against Verres, Second Hearing, Book V
- §2 the Roman People
- §3 the Roman People
- §8 the Roman People
- §9 the Roman People
- §28 the Roman People
- §32 the Roman People
- §35 the Roman People
- §36 the Roman People
- §48 the Roman People
- §50 the Roman People
- §51 the Roman People
- §52 the Roman People
- §58 the Roman People
- §59 the Roman People
- §66 the Roman People
- §67 the Roman People
- §74 the Roman People
- §76 the Roman People
- §77 the Roman People
- §81 the Roman People
- §82 the Roman People
- §83 the Roman People
- §86 the Roman People
- §91 the Roman People
- §92 the Roman People
- §97 the Roman People
- §99 the Roman People
- §100 the Roman People
- §113 the Roman People
- §117 the Roman People
- §124 the Roman People
- §126 the Roman People
- §127 the Roman People
- §131 the Roman People
- §136 the Roman People
- §137 the Roman People
- §143 the Roman People
- §144 the Roman People
- §150 the Roman People
- §152 the Roman People
- §153 the Roman People
- §163 the Roman People
- §165 the Roman People
- §171 the Roman People
- §173 the Roman People
- §175 the Roman People
- §176 the Roman People
- §177 the Roman People
- §178 the Roman People
- §179 the Roman People
- §180 the Roman People
- §183 the Roman People
- §186 the Roman People
- §187 the Roman People
Against Verres, First Hearing
- §2 the Roman People
- §4 the Roman People
- §10 the Roman People
- §13 the Roman People
- §16 the Roman People
- §17 the Roman People
- §20 the Roman People
- §25 the Roman People
- §34 the Roman People
- §35 the Roman People
- §36 the Roman People
- §37 the Roman People
- §38 the Roman People
- §41 the Roman People
- §42 the Roman People
- §43 the Roman People
- §44 the Roman People
- §45 the Roman People
- §47 the Roman People
- §48 the Roman People
- §50 the Roman People
- §51 the Roman People
- §52 the Roman People
- §53 the Roman People
For Aulus Caecina
For Marcus Fonteius
- §3 the Roman People
- §4 the Roman People
- §12 the Roman People
- §13 the Roman People
- §14 the Roman People
- §15 the Roman People
- §16 the Roman People
- §17 the Roman People
- §29 the Roman People
- §32 the Roman People
- §33 the Roman People
- §34 the Roman People
- §35 the Roman People
- §36 the Roman People
- §43 the Roman People
- §44 the Roman People
- §46 the Roman People
- §49 the Roman People
For Aulus Cluentius
- §92 the Roman People
- §118 the Roman People
- §119 the Roman People
- §121 the Roman People
- §122 the Roman People
- §129 the Roman People
- §134 the Roman People
- §137 the Roman People
- §138 the Roman People
- §139 the Roman People
- §150 the Roman People
- §151 the Roman People
- §153 the Roman People
- §155 the Roman People
- §157 the Roman People
- §159 the Roman People
On the Manilian Law (On the Command of Pompey)
- §6 the Roman People
- §7 the Roman People
- §11 the Roman People
- §12 the Roman People
- §21 the Roman People
- §23 the Roman People
- §32 the Roman People
- §33 the Roman People
- §35 the Roman People
- §41 the Roman People
- §44 Roman People
- §45 the Roman People
- §46 the Roman People
- §53 the Roman People
- §54 Roman People
- §55 the Roman People
- §56 the Roman People
- §57 the Roman People
- §61 the Roman People
- §63 the Roman People
- §64 Roman People
- §69 the Roman People
On the Agrarian Law, First Speech
On the Agrarian Law, Second Speech
- §4 Roman People
- §7 Roman People
- §10 the Roman People
- §15 the Roman People
- §17 the Roman People
- §26 the Roman People
- §38 the Roman People
- §39 the Roman People
- §40 the Roman People
- §41 the Roman People
- §42 the Roman People
- §43 the Roman People
- §44 the Roman People
- §46 the Roman People
- §47 the Roman People
- §48 the Roman People
- §57 the Roman People
- §58 the Roman People
- §59 the Roman People
- §64 the Roman People
- §65 the Roman People
- §74 the Roman People
- §79 the Roman People
- §80 the Roman People
- §83 the Roman People
- §87 the Roman People
- §89 the Roman People
- §90 the Roman People
- §98 the Roman People
- §99 the Roman People
- §100 the Roman People
On the Agrarian Law, Third Speech
Against Catiline, First Speech
Against Catiline, Second Speech
Against Catiline, Third Speech
Against Catiline, Fourth Speech
For Lucius Murena
- §1 the Roman People
- §2 the Roman People
- §3 the Roman People
- §8 the Roman People
- §12 the Roman People
- §13 the Roman People
- §22 the Roman People
- §23 the Roman People
- §31 the Roman People
- §32 the Roman People
- §34 the Roman People
- §38 Roman People
- §48 the Roman People
- §58 the Roman People
- §59 the Roman People
- §74 the Roman People
- §75 the Roman People
- §76 the Roman People
- §86 the Roman People
- §90 the Roman People
For Gaius Rabirius on a Charge of High Treason
Ad Familiares 5.5
For the Poet Aulus Licinius Archias
For Publius Sulla
Ad Atticum 1.16
Ad Quintum Fratrem 1.1
For Lucius Flaccus
On His House
- §1 the Roman People
- §6 the Roman People
- §15 Roman People
- §17 the Roman People
- §18 the Roman People
- §19 the Roman People
- §20 the Roman People
- §26 the Roman People
- §27 the Roman People
- §30 the Roman People
- §31 the Roman People
- §35 Quirites
- §37 the Roman People
- §38 the Roman People
- §53 the Roman People
- §62 the Roman People
- §64 Roman People
- §71 the Roman People
- §73 the Roman People
- §75 the Roman People
- §76 the Roman People
- §79 the Roman People
- §80 Roman People
- §82 the Roman People
- §86 the Roman People
- §88 the Roman People
- §89 the Roman People
- §90 the Roman People
- §94 the Roman People
- §98 the Roman People
- §99 the Roman People
- §101 the Roman People
- §102 the Roman People
- §110 the Roman People
- §111 the Roman People
- §118 the Roman People
- §127 the Roman People
- §130 the Roman People
- §133 the Roman People
- §136 the Roman People
- §137 the Roman People
- §144 the Roman People
- §147 the Roman People
On His Return: To the Citizens
On His Return: To the Senate
Ad Familiares 1.4
On the Responses of the Haruspices
On the Consular Provinces
Against Vatinius
For Lucius Cornelius Balbus
- §10 the Roman People
- §13 the Roman People
- §16 the Roman People
- §20 the Roman People
- §22 the Roman People
- §24 the Roman People
- §25 the Roman People
- §30 the Roman People
- §31 the Roman People
- §32 the Roman People
- §33 the Roman People
- §34 the Roman People
- §35 the Roman People
- §37 the Roman People
- §38 the Roman People
- §39 the Roman People
- §40 the Roman People
- §47 the Roman People
- §52 Roman People
- §53 the Roman People
- §55 Roman People
- §64 the Roman People
For Marcus Caelius
For Publius Sestius
- §2 the Roman People
- §12 the Roman People
- §40 the Roman People
- §48 the Roman People
- §49 the Roman People
- §51 the Roman People
- §57 the Roman People
- §59 the Roman People
- §67 the Roman People
- §68 the Roman People
- §74 the Roman People
- §76 the Roman People
- §83 the Roman People
- §104 the Roman People
- §106 the Roman People
- §107 the Roman People
- §110 the Roman People
- §113 the Roman People
- §114 the Roman People
- §116 the Roman People
- §117 the Roman People
- §118 the Roman People
- §120 the Roman People
- §121 the Roman People
- §122 Roman People
- §123 the Roman People
- §124 the Roman People
- §125 the Roman People
- §126 the Roman People
- §127 the Roman People
- §128 the Roman People
- §129 the Roman People
- §134 the Roman People
- §140 the Roman People
Against Piso
Ad Familiares 1.9
Ad Familiares 15.9
On the Commonwealth
The Subdivisions of Oratory
For Gnaeus Plancius
For Gaius Rabirius Postumus
For Marcus Aemilius Scaurus
Ad Familiares 7.27
On the Laws
For Titus Annius Milo
Ad Familiares 8.8
Ad Familiares 15.1
Ad Familiares 15.2
Ad Familiares 15.4
Ad Familiares 15.12
Ad Familiares 2.17
Ad Atticum 7.11
Ad Atticum 9.12
Ad Atticum 10.7
Ad Familiares 6.6
Brutus
Orator: To Marcus Brutus
Stoic Paradoxes
For Quintus Ligarius
For Marcus Marcellus
Ad Familiares 4.5
Ad Familiares 13.4
On the Nature of the Gods
For King Deiotarus
Ad Atticum 14.14
Ad Familiares 11.5
Ad Familiares 11.7
Ad Familiares 12.2
Ad Familiares 12.22
Cato the Elder, On Old Age
On Divination
On Duties
Laelius, On Friendship
First Philippic
Second Philippic
- §6 the Roman People
- §9 the Roman People
- §17 the Roman People
- §20 the Roman People
- §21 the Roman People
- §24 the Roman People
- §27 the Roman People
- §31 the Roman People
- §43 the Roman People
- §49 the Roman People
- §51 the Roman People
- §54 the Roman People
- §55 the Roman People
- §56 the Roman People
- §63 the Roman People
- §64 the Roman People
- §65 the Roman People
- §72 the Roman People
- §83 the Roman People
- §85 the Roman People
- §86 the Roman People
- §92 the Roman People
- §93 the Roman People
- §94 the Roman People
- §101 the Roman People
- §104 the Roman People
- §112 the Roman People
- §114 the Roman People
- §116 the Roman People
- §117 the Roman People
- §118 the Roman People
Third Philippic
- §2 the Roman People
- §6 the Roman People
- §8 the Roman People
- §10 the Roman People
- §11 the Roman People
- §12 the Roman People
- §13 the Roman People
- §19 the Roman People
- §30 the Roman People
- §32 the Roman People
- §33 the Roman People
- §34 the Roman People
- §36 the Roman People
- §37 the Roman People
- §38 the Roman People
- §39 the Roman People
Fourth Philippic
Ad M. Brutum 1.2
Ad M. Brutum 1.3
Ad M. Brutum 1.4
Ad M. Brutum 1.15
Ad M. Brutum 1.16
Ad M. Brutum 2.5
Ad Familiares 10.6
Ad Familiares 10.12
Ad Familiares 10.28
Ad Familiares 10.33
Ad Familiares 11.8
Ad Familiares 11.15
Ad Familiares 11.16
Ad Familiares 11.17
Ad Familiares 11.18
Ad Familiares 12.5
Ad Familiares 12.8
Ad Familiares 12.15
Ad Familiares 12.24
Ad Familiares 12.29
Tenth Philippic
Eleventh Philippic
Twelfth Philippic
Thirteenth Philippic
Philippica XIV
Fifth Philippic
- §2 the Roman People
- §3 the Roman People
- §6 the Roman People
- §7 the Roman People
- §11 the Roman People
- §12 the Roman People
- §21 the Roman People
- §24 the Roman People
- §25 the Roman People
- §27 the Roman People
- §34 the Roman People
- §36 the Roman People
- §38 the Roman People
- §39 the Roman People
- §40 the Roman People
- §41 the Roman People
- §43 the Roman People
- §45 the Roman People
- §46 the Roman People
- §48 the Roman People
- §49 Roman People
- §51 the Roman People
- §52 the Roman People
- §53 the Roman People